Due by 11:59pm on Thursday, 11/3

Instructions

Download hw10.zip. The quiz problem can be found in the quiz directory and the homework problems can be found in the problems directory.

You must run python3 ok --submit two times: once inside the quiz directory and once inside the problems directory.

Our course uses a custom version of Scheme (which you will build for Project 4) included in the starter ZIP archive. To start the interpreter, type python3 scheme. To run a Scheme program interactively, type python3 scheme -i <file.scm>. To exit the Scheme interpreter, type (exit).

Submission: When you are done, submit with python3 ok --submit. You may submit more than once before the deadline; only the final submission will be scored. Check that you have successfully submitted your code on okpy.org. See Lab 0 for more instructions on submitting assignments.

Using OK: If you have any questions about using OK, please refer to this guide.

Readings: You might find the following references useful:

Homework Questions

Note: Q1 and Q2 (Substitute, Sub All) were extra lab questions from Lab 9. You may check the solutions if you are stuck, but we highly recommend you work through the problem on your own for practice.

Question 1: Substitute

Write a procedure substitute that takes three arguments: a list s, an old word, and a new word. It returns a list with the elements of s, but with every occurrence of old replaced by new, even within sub-lists.

Hint: The built-in pair? predicate returns True if its argument is a cons pair.

(define (substitute s old new)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
)

Use OK to unlock and test your code:

python3 ok -q substitute -u
python3 ok -q substitute

Question 2: Sub All

Write sub-all, which takes a list s, a list of old words, and a list of new words; the last two lists must be the same length. It returns a list with the elements of s, but with each word that occurs in the second argument replaced by the corresponding word of the third argument.

(define (sub-all s olds news)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
)

Use OK to unlock and test your code:

python3 ok -q sub-all -u
python3 ok -q sub-all

Differentiation

The following problems develop a system for symbolic differentiation of algebraic expressions. The derive Scheme procedure takes an algebraic expression and a variable and returns the derivative of the expression with respect to the variable. Symbolic differentiation is of special historical significance in Lisp. It was one of the motivating examples behind the development of the language. Differentiating is a recursive process that applies different rules to different kinds of expressions:

; derive returns the derivative of EXPR with respect to VAR
(define (derive expr var)
  (cond ((number? expr) 0)
        ((variable? expr) (if (same-variable? expr var) 1 0))
        ((sum? expr) (derive-sum expr var))
        ((product? expr) (derive-product expr var))
        ((exp? expr) (derive-exp expr var))
        (else 'Error)))

To implement the system, we will use the following data abstraction. Sums and products are lists, and they are simplified on construction:

; Variables are represented as symbols
(define (variable? x) (symbol? x))
(define (same-variable? v1 v2)
  (and (variable? v1) (variable? v2) (eq? v1 v2)))

; Numbers are compared with =
(define (=number? expr num)
  (and (number? expr) (= expr num)))

; Sums are represented as lists that start with +.
(define (make-sum a1 a2)
  (cond ((=number? a1 0) a2)
        ((=number? a2 0) a1)
        ((and (number? a1) (number? a2)) (+ a1 a2))
        (else (list '+ a1 a2))))
(define (sum? x)
  (and (list? x) (eq? (car x) '+)))
(define (addend s) (cadr s))
(define (augend s) (caddr s))

; Products are represented as lists that start with *.
(define (make-product m1 m2)
(cond ((or (=number? m1 0) (=number? m2 0)) 0)
      ((=number? m1 1) m2)
      ((=number? m2 1) m1)
      ((and (number? m1) (number? m2)) (* m1 m2))
      (else (list '* m1 m2))))
(define (product? x)
  (and (list? x) (eq? (car x) '*)))
(define (multiplier p) (cadr p))
(define (multiplicand p) (caddr p))

Question 3: Derive Sum

Implement derive-sum, a procedure that differentiates a sum by summing the derivatives of the addend and augend. Use data abstraction for a sum:

(define (derive-sum expr var)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
  )

Use OK to unlock and test your code:

python3 ok -q derive-sum -u
python3 ok -q derive-sum

Question 4: Derive Product

Implement derive-product, which applies the product rule to differentiate products:

(define (derive-product expr var)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
  )

Use OK to unlock and test your code:

python3 ok -q derive-product -u
python3 ok -q derive-product

Question 5: Make Exp

Implement a data abstraction for exponentiation: a base raised to the power of an exponent. The base can be any expression, but assume that the exponent is a non-negative integer. You can simplify the cases when exponent is 0 or 1, or when base is a number, by returning numbers from the constructor make-exp. In other cases, you can represent the exp as a triple (^ base exponent).

Hint: The built-in procedure expt takes two number arguments and raises the first to the power of the second.

; Exponentiations are represented as lists that start with ^.
(define (make-exp base exponent)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
  )

(define (base exp)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
  )

(define (exponent exp)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
  )

(define (exp? exp)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
  )

(define x^2 (make-exp 'x 2))
(define x^3 (make-exp 'x 3))

Use OK to unlock and test your code:

python3 ok -q make-exp -u
python3 ok -q make-exp

Question 6: Derive Exp

Implement derive-exp, which uses the power rule to derive exps:

(define (derive-exp exp var)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
  )

Use OK to test your code:

python3 ok -q derive-exp

Quiz

Question 7: How Many Dots?

Implement how-many-dots, which takes in a nested scheme list s and returns the number of dots that appear when it is displayed by the interpreter (not counting decimal points). You may assume that s is a nested list that contains only numbers.

Hints: A dot appears when the second element of a pair is not a well formed list. The procedures pair?, null?, and number? test whether a value is a pair, nil, or a number, respectively.

(define (how-many-dots s)
  'YOUR-CODE-HERE
)

;;; Tests

(how-many-dots '(1 2 3))
; expect 0
(how-many-dots '(1 2 . 3))
; expect 1
(how-many-dots '((1 . 2) 3 . 4))
; expect 2
(how-many-dots '((((((1 . 2) . 3) . 4) . 5) . 6) . 7))
; expect 6
(how-many-dots '(1 . (2 . (3 . (4 . (5 . (6 . (7)))))))
; expect 0

Use OK to unlock and test your code:

python3 ok -q how-many-dots -u
python3 ok -q how-many-dots