Overview
To implement seam carving, I used dynamic programming to remove the least cost path in an image, in order to horizontally or vertically shrink the image to a given dimension. This project is modeled after the paper: Seam Carving for Content-Aware Image Resizing by Shai Avidan and Ariel Shamir, and implements the basic algorithm presented here.
The algorithm shrinks images as follows:
1. The energy function determines the 'importance' of each pixel in an image.
2. Until the image has shrunk to the desired dimension:
The image's lowest-importance seam is found.
This seam is removed.
The minimum energy function for the pixels are calculated using a dynamic programming approach, looking at the immediate
previous neighbor row and column as well as the subsequent neighbor column. This is modeled by the following formula:
Seam Carving Successful Examples (Horizontal and Vertical Carving) NOTE: All original images are 500px by 500px, horizontal carving images are
250px by 500px, and vertical carving images are 500px by 250px
Description: The pixel energies are calculated using the Scharr filter for the red, green,
and blue energy map calculations. The Scharr function computes the gradients
of the input image in both x and y directions by convolving the kernel with the input image
being processed. Scharr operators result from an optimization minimizing the weighted mean
squared error in the Fourier domain. This optimization is done under the condition that the resulting
filters are numerically consistent. As a result, these opertaions are derivative kernels.
The pixels with the lowest energies are used for purposes of seam
removal or insertion. The program inserts columns by default, and so in order to insert rows if
needed, the image is simply rotated 90 degrees counter-clockwise and "columns" are added. This
works because the columns of the image transposed become the rows.
Example Image 1
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=bonsai+tree+on+island&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlQEJ7dHttAf5sAMaiQELEKjU2AQaAggVDAsQsIynCBpiCmAIAxIojh6NHvsVjx6LHowekR74FZUW_1RXOOKQqzTjSKKgqpyrJKKkqyzjGIhowlitydHSTz0vfhh1cZuVbtJTS7Z7FPS6bnjPFPhZ6LXZaVku9F9-e1IsEPCwKwfMiIAQMCxCOrv4IGgoKCAgBEgTXKztcDA&ved=0ahUKEwjm7Z2i5JnfAhUN7J8KHTD5AhAQwg4IKSgA)
Description: In both horizontal and vertical carving, resizing the image works well. All the important features
of the center tree, ocean and mountains are preserved without loss of resolution. The unimportant part of the ocean is cropped out in horizontal carving. The unimportant sky region is cropped out during vertical carving.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 2
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=scenic&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJxL-LkXnYHLAajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAEICQwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKI4ejhaVFosekR6MHpAepQOKFp0WyDjjPqQqxzinKqYq0yjCIs44ySgaME36jX7gQ0SytMNMAGDeL4sE6UwroHRWBG8oZUQgs-i5VcQhvXP7okQOCHqCgIQUSyAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEvybuVww&ved=0ahUKEwiIm-bC5JnfAhWIllQKHax9CfkQwg4IKSgA)
Description: In both horizontal and vertical carving, resizing the image works well. All the important features
of the mountain and the trees (including the tree in the right hand corner) are preserved without loss of resolution. Horizontal carving
crops out part of the unimportant mountain side, while vertical carving crops out the fence which creates for a better image.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 3
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=new+england+national+scenic+trail+nps&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJqOmFXiYCdsEaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAIMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEij8Ff0V1xWIC6UVhgujFfgKjRbDC9MooCrCIsg4yTitKtIo5SHjPv4qGjAlewJR8FvrwVHseW-mGIG6nydInSLowGKCNVUxZmz3eEWfYNQRkMMmGbbXQnbfVMAgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBNVxU7gM&ved=0ahUKEwjxstvc5JnfAhURLXwKHbdsCGYQwg4IKSgA)
Description: In both horizontal and vertical carving, resizing the image works well. All the important features
of the hiking trail, mountains, and the girl are preserved. In the horizontal carving case, the unimportant shrubs on the sides are cropped
out, while in the vertical carving case, the unimportant sky region is cropped out.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 4
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=Digital+painting&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJx-uy-2QKZXYaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAgMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEiiCC5gEiQuGC4ULgQvDDooL8AuUC7w3qSSGI5QquzehKsci3CjtKNsoGjBMDkK0_1lQu3IlMWCj33_1s0Y7d1weXVItubHaI0BqaUHNI0PLM3d_1UrMXMGT3sA7IogBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBG_1AsuwM&ved=0ahUKEwjZjbjw2ZrfAhXLjVQKHYybBjUQwg4IKSgA)
Description: In both horizontal and vertical carving, resizing the image works well. All the important features
of the center moon and the center trail are preserved. Horizontal carving crops out the sideline dark regions, while vertical carving crops out the unimportant skyline region.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 5
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=scenic+lake+champlain&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSkwEJlmPUuy8KS7oahwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAgMCxCwjKcIGl4KXAgDEiSFC4YLgguBCy4pFokLFZgElCq7N6IqoSroKJMqvDe0KuYovDgaMDaKR9HYJAHzqKp-8iRHsbl1XSSaeo7Lsps1xf0I77nR0wxcLUCUCl8xF0oCevip6SAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIE0uyA_1ww&ved=0ahUKEwjm6Pv_2ZrfAhVoy1QKHTiPBEkQwg4IKSgA)
Description: In both horizontal and vertical carving, resizing the image works well. All the important features
of the large and small duck, the water, and the mountains in the background are preserved. Horizontal carving crops out parts of the unimportant
empty water and mountain side region, while vertical carving crops out the unimportant skyline region and part of the water in front of the large duck.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 6
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=Photograph&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJCexCHLGp7JUajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAQICQwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKJcLrgOvA9oDtQ6cCYUMxAGTC-ILgDewKIYn2iGiN4cnnjeIJ4kn3igaMDCv-MLmz-0Bg6gu5-QW3Qc_1RJOgNGyXAV7FA6nFSlgpAoDCkpRomEOqGKRa_1xceeSAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEbB02Bgw&ved=0ahUKEwj21oa72prfAhUJ-J8KHX2mDIkQwg4IKSgA)
Description: In both horizontal and vertical carving, resizing the image works well. All the important features
of the glass pattern are well preserved. Horizontal carving crops out the right side of the glass region, whose glass texture is blurred and therefore retracts from the original image. Vertical carving crops out the top blurred region of the image. Horizontal and vertical carving correctly preserve both the glass circle in the original image and the shattered texture pattern, while forming better images than the original by removing the blurred texture on the right and top regions of the original image.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 7
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=nature+background&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlQEJhbjcQFxLktUaiQELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAQMCxCwjKcIGmAKXggDEiZopAPaA4oeowOLHp4L3APhCxLbId4h5yjUKJw30yibN88oyijlKBowqe4OdNz0K09fYgVTIlDxzDi3JR4mZ8y5yFySJ2Sgdr4U0s_1-Yf-u9Clsfd5NdNIGIAQMCxCOrv4IGgoKCAgBEgRiWQn8DA&ved=0ahUKEwjPgOSUiZvfAhWMLXwKHZASBbAQwg4IKSgA)
Description: In both horizontal and vertical carving, resizing the image works well. All the important features
of the tree, grass, and walkway are well preserved. Horizontal carving removes some of the unneseccary background on the right, while vertical carving removes the unimportant sky region.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 8
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=pexels+photo+414171&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlgEJpnaAfb0LgGcaigELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAMMCxCwjKcIGmEKXwgDEieRHsoV2hWEC5AeihaOHoELEakVyDjJOMc4pCrKKMkoxSLjPso4pSoaMFWXww-B9IS2u-Xks_1v1J5SQYrszTenmoqpjJUvQJ5G5V6G_19Rzc2iKOyFrdb4SoISAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEmGBLNww&ved=0ahUKEwip1azRiZvfAhVjj1QKHaIUBk0Qwg4IKSgA)
Description: In both horizontal and vertical carving, resizing the image works well. All the important features
of the water, boat, mountains, and trees are preserved. Horizontal carving crops out some of the unimportant sideline mountains and sides of the lake, while vertical carving crops out the unimportant sky region.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Seam Carving Failure Examples (Horizontal and Vertical Carving) Example Image 1
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=scenic+helicopter+flight+queenstown&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJlkGUFRFxtGMaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAEMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEij5FZsLkR7zFfYV-BWYFosemAv6Fco4yTjPOMUioyD-KqsqxzjIOP0qGjApcrX-0fQPsg51QXFTzkVU4CixX_1D6ENB4ILtN0LXoLFWlYw1wnN7CxhiD-3SzLF0gBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBE-prSEM&ved=0ahUKEwjKnMXj2prfAhWjMXwKHaUlBYEQwg4IKSgA)
Description: Both horizontal and vertical carving slightly fail to produce great images eventhough most of the important features in the original image are well preserved. Namely, the mountains in the image background and left side of the image, and the water in the center are preserved. Horizontal carving slightly fails because part of the mouth of the helicopter is cropped out, while vetical carving slightly shortens and fattens the helicopter.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 2
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=blonde+girl+without+makeup&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSnQEJCOAIRuS2r4EakQELEKjU2AQaCggXCD0IQwgVCAYMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEiiXGpIalhqUGpManR-VB58fph-gH-sl7CXmMM4x0DHnJfQwyTHTJeklGjAte-A-0OP1vUn4JnNNBL1WjFd9PJhmzZPGaHN3j30kCHKPHUCIVvE3Bsl_1MXB5wFQgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBBvqeE8M&ved=0ahUKEwiT9bn32prfAhXpxFQKHXHEAsgQwg4IKSgA)
Description: Horizontal carving cuts out part of the lady's face and hair, while also distorting her chin. Vertical carving smashes the lady's face and slightly distorts the alignment of her eyes.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 3
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=fenway+park+pole+seats&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJ54gCmRvjVw0aiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAAMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEiiOC7EYjwv3HcAKkgvuF40LiQT2HfA40zjJItErxyLpPrAq6TnMIsoiGjAkRMJJ5I_1okBT6jwIBBNaq2u1CZybSDG34L1Oq5dXHIlQ5c5JghxAgEg-sTcVRumUgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBK_1CfEMM&ved=0ahUKEwj-0OaF25rfAhVrxlQKHeCkCxwQwg4IKSgA)
Description: Both horizontal and vertical carving do not completely remove out the black block in the image center.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 4
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=sidewalk&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJh_13fdXnGNVYaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAIMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijlCuAK4QrYBeQKgw3oCtcFmBXiCtoi-zjqJ_1o16SeAKIEo_1yf1KtwiGjA2wZlPnP0aBlUYi9M0l7wqe1paKKSNOk7PLNKY6O6WSAv8RXYf3Sc_1ZkpFcMRMQ5UgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBNGEAyoM&ved=0ahUKEwj7orOT25rfAhUSwMQHHWk2DWkQwg4IKSgA)
Description: Both horizontal and vertical carving do not completely remove the pole in the center. Horizontal carving also distorts part of the right side of the door. Vertical carving also curves the sidewalk.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 5
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=telegraph+pole+blocking+driveway&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJx_1zT_143tTywaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAIMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijGCoUB5wrhFOgK6QrFCvADjRjgFPAq9yr7OPw47yqBKPkq6ziHKPk4GjD-HmN2bCcbXIu5EVqd7U6cZ4PxaROY9q0BA9J0Ad10IEyU-XI_1uUf02_1M_1OdqBk_1YgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBE7068MM&ved=0ahUKEwiGkdCg25rfAhUTG3wKHdw8DgwQwg4IKSgA)
Description: Horizontal and vertical carving do not remove the brown wooden pole. Vertical carving also cuts off the roof of the houses.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Example Image 6
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=national+interpreter+symbol&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlgEJj1W3fBiThG8aigELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAEMCxCwjKcIGmEKXwgDEie-A78DY-EBvQPiAboCvwHwCMADmD2hPbI9oj2XPZQ0wT2ZPZY9mj0aMBGgjCDbDO_1nD7lNSATjMwUGmu6Vg3WyKpWXZflfSRYhIMRQTYzEe13MxHnTSrgzNSAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEGew-Aww&ved=0ahUKEwjMt4Wu25rfAhUrjVQKHWJVDdYQwg4IKSgA)
Description: Horizontal carving shrinks the proportions of the faces and doesn't preserve the circular face shapes. Vertical carving slight cuts out the words in the bottom of the image.
Original Image
Horizontal Carving
Vertical Carving
Bells & Whistles B&W #1: Stretch images using seam insertion NOTE: The original images are 500px by 500px.
Horizontal Seam insertion images are 750px by 500px.
Vertical Seam insertion images are 500px by 750px.
Description: Seam insertion happens if the new image the user wants to resize
has a larger height and or width dimension than the original image.
The lowest energy seams are inserted in the image either as added
columns or rows. Below are some examples:
Example Image 1
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=bonsai+tree+on+island&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlQEJ7dHttAf5sAMaiQELEKjU2AQaAggVDAsQsIynCBpiCmAIAxIojh6NHvsVjx6LHowekR74FZUW_1RXOOKQqzTjSKKgqpyrJKKkqyzjGIhowlitydHSTz0vfhh1cZuVbtJTS7Z7FPS6bnjPFPhZ6LXZaVku9F9-e1IsEPCwKwfMiIAQMCxCOrv4IGgoKCAgBEgTXKztcDA&ved=0ahUKEwjXrdnT25rfAhVJj1QKHX6jCGQQwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved. The water region is expanded.
Original Image
Horizontal Seam Insertion
Example Image 2
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=scenic&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJxL-LkXnYHLAajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAEICQwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKI4ejhaVFosekR6MHpAepQOKFp0WyDjjPqQqxzinKqYq0yjCIs44ySgaME36jX7gQ0SytMNMAGDeL4sE6UwroHRWBG8oZUQgs-i5VcQhvXP7okQOCHqCgIQUSyAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEvybuVww&ved=0ahUKEwiH48ri25rfAhWljlQKHVwvBZsQwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved. The mountain and field regions are expanded.
Original Image
Horizontal Seam Insertion
Example Image 3
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=new+england+national+scenic+trail+nps&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJqOmFXiYCdsEaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAIMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEij8Ff0V1xWIC6UVhgujFfgKjRbDC9MooCrCIsg4yTitKtIo5SHjPv4qGjAlewJR8FvrwVHseW-mGIG6nydInSLowGKCNVUxZmz3eEWfYNQRkMMmGbbXQnbfVMAgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBNVxU7gM&ved=0ahUKEwjQhe7v25rfAhURD3wKHf0wAK8Qwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved. However, the trail and the girl slightly fatten.
Original Image
Horizontal Seam Insertion
Example Image 4
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=Digital+painting&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJx-uy-2QKZXYaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAgMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEiiCC5gEiQuGC4ULgQvDDooL8AuUC7w3qSSGI5QquzehKsci3CjtKNsoGjBMDkK0_1lQu3IlMWCj33_1s0Y7d1weXVItubHaI0BqaUHNI0PLM3d_1UrMXMGT3sA7IogBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBG_1AsuwM&ved=0ahUKEwiX0Mz825rfAhVjzFQKHYL7BHsQwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved. The dark side regions are expanded.
Original Image
Horizontal Seam Insertion
Example Image 5
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=scenic+lake+champlain&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSkwEJlmPUuy8KS7oahwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAgMCxCwjKcIGl4KXAgDEiSFC4YLgguBCy4pFokLFZgElCq7N6IqoSroKJMqvDe0KuYovDgaMDaKR9HYJAHzqKp-8iRHsbl1XSSaeo7Lsps1xf0I77nR0wxcLUCUCl8xF0oCevip6SAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIE0uyA_1ww&ved=0ahUKEwiyqruM3JrfAhXIrlQKHTtJAZgQwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved including the size and proportion of the large duck. The water region is expanded.
Original Image
Horizontal Seam Insertion
Example Image 6
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=scenic+helicopter+flight+queenstown&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJlkGUFRFxtGMaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAEMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEij5FZsLkR7zFfYV-BWYFosemAv6Fco4yTjPOMUioyD-KqsqxzjIOP0qGjApcrX-0fQPsg51QXFTzkVU4CixX_1D6ENB4ILtN0LXoLFWlYw1wnN7CxhiD-3SzLF0gBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBE-prSEM&ved=0ahUKEwiShbSf3JrfAhUDMXwKHRPbBIkQwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved including the size and proportion of the helicopter. The water region and greenery are expanded.
Original Image
Horizontal Seam Insertion
Example Image 7
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=blonde+girl+without+makeup&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSnQEJCOAIRuS2r4EakQELEKjU2AQaCggXCD0IQwgVCAYMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEiiXGpIalhqUGpManR-VB58fph-gH-sl7CXmMM4x0DHnJfQwyTHTJeklGjAte-A-0OP1vUn4JnNNBL1WjFd9PJhmzZPGaHN3j30kCHKPHUCIVvE3Bsl_1MXB5wFQgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBBvqeE8M&ved=0ahUKEwjBqZWs3JrfAhWhqFQKHZpjCdwQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The lady's face elongated, and her hair became frizzy after vertical seam insertion.
Original Image
Vertical Seam Insertion
Example Image 8
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=fenway+park+pole+seats&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJ54gCmRvjVw0aiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAAMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEiiOC7EYjwv3HcAKkgvuF40LiQT2HfA40zjJItErxyLpPrAq6TnMIsoiGjAkRMJJ5I_1okBT6jwIBBNaq2u1CZybSDG34L1Oq5dXHIlQ5c5JghxAgEg-sTcVRumUgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBK_1CfEMM&ved=0ahUKEwjasbn13JrfAhVollQKHbNWDmsQwg4IKSgA)
Description: While the size and proportion of the field is preserved, the silhouette of the person is distorted.
Original Image
Vertical Seam Insertion
Example Image 9
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=sidewalk&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJh_13fdXnGNVYaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAIMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijlCuAK4QrYBeQKgw3oCtcFmBXiCtoi-zjqJ_1o16SeAKIEo_1yf1KtwiGjA2wZlPnP0aBlUYi9M0l7wqe1paKKSNOk7PLNKY6O6WSAv8RXYf3Sc_1ZkpFcMRMQ5UgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBNGEAyoM&ved=0ahUKEwik_KyD3ZrfAhUT3lQKHSNFCxYQwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved, but the pattern on the door became distorted.
Original Image
Vertical Seam Insertion
Example Image 10
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=telegraph+pole+blocking+driveway&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJx_1zT_143tTywaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAIMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijGCoUB5wrhFOgK6QrFCvADjRjgFPAq9yr7OPw47yqBKPkq6ziHKPk4GjD-HmN2bCcbXIu5EVqd7U6cZ4PxaROY9q0BA9J0Ad10IEyU-XI_1uUf02_1M_1OdqBk_1YgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBE7068MM&ved=0ahUKEwjGp-SP3ZrfAhWiqVQKHb4LDHIQwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved, but the garage and house rooftop on the left most house became
distorted.
Original Image
Vertical Seam Insertion
Example Image 11
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=national+interpreter+symbol&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlgEJj1W3fBiThG8aigELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAEMCxCwjKcIGmEKXwgDEie-A78DY-EBvQPiAboCvwHwCMADmD2hPbI9oj2XPZQ0wT2ZPZY9mj0aMBGgjCDbDO_1nD7lNSATjMwUGmu6Vg3WyKpWXZflfSRYhIMRQTYzEe13MxHnTSrgzNSAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEGew-Aww&ved=0ahUKEwjmqsGc3ZrfAhXHxVQKHav8C5cQwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved, but there is a slight difference in size alignment of the left most and right most icons.
Original Image
Vertical Seam Insertion
Example Image 12
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=Photograph&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJCexCHLGp7JUajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAQICQwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKJcLrgOvA9oDtQ6cCYUMxAGTC-ILgDewKIYn2iGiN4cnnjeIJ4kn3igaMDCv-MLmz-0Bg6gu5-QW3Qc_1RJOgNGyXAV7FA6nFSlgpAoDCkpRomEOqGKRa_1xceeSAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEbB02Bgw&ved=0ahUKEwjtufCo3ZrfAhVkilQKHW9JBhYQwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved. The unimportant top part of the blurry glass pattern is widened.
Original Image
Vertical Seam Insertion
Example Image 13
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=nature+background&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlQEJhbjcQFxLktUaiQELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAQMCxCwjKcIGmAKXggDEiZopAPaA4oeowOLHp4L3APhCxLbId4h5yjUKJw30yibN88oyijlKBowqe4OdNz0K09fYgVTIlDxzDi3JR4mZ8y5yFySJ2Sgdr4U0s_1-Yf-u9Clsfd5NdNIGIAQMCxCOrv4IGgoKCAgBEgRiWQn8DA&ved=0ahUKEwjC-JHljpvfAhUQLXwKHQ92BAEQwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved. The unimportant grassy area is widened.
Original Image
Horizontal Seam Insertion
Example Image 14
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=pexels+photo+414171&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlgEJpnaAfb0LgGcaigELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAMMCxCwjKcIGmEKXwgDEieRHsoV2hWEC5AeihaOHoELEakVyDjJOMc4pCrKKMkoxSLjPso4pSoaMFWXww-B9IS2u-Xks_1v1J5SQYrszTenmoqpjJUvQJ5G5V6G_19Rzc2iKOyFrdb4SoISAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEmGBLNww&ved=0ahUKEwid1pv4jpvfAhWHHHwKHc8ID10Qwg4IKSgA)
Description: All the image features are well preserved and are in the right size and proportions. The unimportant mountain area and trees on the images sides are widened.
Original Image
Horizontal Seam Insertion
B&W #2: Remove objects using seam carving and seam insertion. Description: The mask that the user specifies is used to determine the object to be removed from the image.
The appropriate seams are found and removed, and then seam insertion occurs (as described before using lowest pixel
energy calculations) in order to resize the image to the original size.
Below are some examples:
Example Image 1
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=Digital+painting&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJx-uy-2QKZXYaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAgMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEiiCC5gEiQuGC4ULgQvDDooL8AuUC7w3qSSGI5QquzehKsci3CjtKNsoGjBMDkK0_1lQu3IlMWCj33_1s0Y7d1weXVItubHaI0BqaUHNI0PLM3d_1UrMXMGT3sA7IogBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBG_1AsuwM&ved=0ahUKEwiWhIq23ZrfAhWG458KHbboAXwQwg4IKSgA)
Description: Removing the moon. All the image features are well preserved. The image however becomes slightly blurry throughout.
Original Image
Removing the moon
Image Mask
Example Image 2
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=fenway+park+pole+seats&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJ54gCmRvjVw0aiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAAMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEiiOC7EYjwv3HcAKkgvuF40LiQT2HfA40zjJItErxyLpPrAq6TnMIsoiGjAkRMJJ5I_1okBT6jwIBBNaq2u1CZybSDG34L1Oq5dXHIlQ5c5JghxAgEg-sTcVRumUgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBK_1CfEMM&ved=0ahUKEwitsuzC3ZrfAhUCFHwKHVPFBfoQwg4IKSgA)
Description: Removing the black barrier. The black barrier is significantly removed, however part of it still remains present in the image. Part of the field in the bottom right also gets cropped out.
Original Image
Removing the black barrier
Image Mask
Example Image 3
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=sidewalk&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJh_13fdXnGNVYaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAIMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijlCuAK4QrYBeQKgw3oCtcFmBXiCtoi-zjqJ_1o16SeAKIEo_1yf1KtwiGjA2wZlPnP0aBlUYi9M0l7wqe1paKKSNOk7PLNKY6O6WSAv8RXYf3Sc_1ZkpFcMRMQ5UgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBNGEAyoM&ved=0ahUKEwjDtavP3ZrfAhWIhlQKHYFeBO8Qwg4IKSgA)
Description: Removing the pole. All the image features are well preserved and the pole is successfully removed.
Original Image
Removing the moon
Image Mask
Example Image 4
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=telegraph+pole+blocking+driveway&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJx_1zT_143tTywaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAIMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijGCoUB5wrhFOgK6QrFCvADjRjgFPAq9yr7OPw47yqBKPkq6ziHKPk4GjD-HmN2bCcbXIu5EVqd7U6cZ4PxaROY9q0BA9J0Ad10IEyU-XI_1uUf02_1M_1OdqBk_1YgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBE7068MM&ved=0ahUKEwiSo9bd3ZrfAhX7wMQHHaM5DrgQwg4IKSgA)
Description: Removing the wooden pole. All the image features are well preserved and the pole and left most house are successfully removed.
Original Image
Removing the moon
Image Mask
What I Learned from this Project
Whether to horizontally resize or vertically resize images should be examined on a case by case basis. Images that would benefit from removing enormous skyline should use vertical carving, while images that would benefit from removing sides of the images such as the shrinking of grassy areas, or removal of parts of water regions should use horizontal carving. Seam carving does not work as well with faces and highly structured/textured images. Fun project!
Fake Miniatures
Overview
In this assignment I created fake miniatures by simulating the effect of selective focus cameras, also known as Tilt Shift. Most methods rely on photo editors like GIMP and Photoshop to achieve the effect. To achieve this effect, a user selects a focus plane by masking a region(s) of interest and applying a blurring filter to the rest of the image. Effectively this narrows the perceived depth of field in the scene and creates the illusion that the lens was really close to the subject.
While the user-specified image subject is in focus, parts of the image at other depths are not. This project will fake this effect on non-miniature photographs, as the focus line and a depth of field around the focus line that will remain sharp is selected. While this approach works well for many images, it is important to note that it has limitations. For example, if the object the user focuses on is very tall, while this object would be in focus in an actual tilt shift photograph since all of the objects are at the same depth, the tilt shift approach can lead to parts of the object at the same depth ending up at different levels of sharpness.
More Details
The tilt shift program does the following:
1. Set a focus line by drawing lines or selecting points in the image.
2. Define the size of the fake depth of field (DOF) with respect to the focus plane as several pixels below and above.
3. Increasingly blurr the image around the focus plane to simulate depth of field effect. FOCUS LINE: From a 2D image it is technically impossible to recover depth information. Rather than accurately defining at what distance objects are, we can use a good heuristic that objects on the same straight line are at the same depth. This heuristic holds for many landscape photographs, especially when you have a nice sloppy panoramic view. DEPTH OF FIELD (DOF): The depth of field is the part of the image in focus. Notice that in an actual camera focusing on a plane means that all objects in that plane are in focus. Since we are faking the process and approximating the focus plane by a simple line, choosing the right size for the depth of field is very important. In the simple situations the DOF is just a rectangle around the focus line. BLURRING: Regions of the image further away from the DOF should have more blur, which are produced through gaussian filters.
Manipulating colors for the final version of the images drastically increases the illusion of a miniature, which can be observed through the
examples below.
Furthremore, given an input image, the program applies blur filters and color adjustments such that the end result resembles more a miniature model than a real scene. Of course, some scenes, with multiple, clearly delineated, depth planes, are better suited to these types of manipulations.
Example Results
Example Image 1
Source: Internet (https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/r9B9XK5q6-3om9VL78huDb6JL2IDKjclJTCKGZqITtVoqjc0bXZ_gOrW2ZuiD7vrVWuC=s129)
Description: The focus is towards the buildings that are next to the water. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 2
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=telegraph+pole+blocking+driveway&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJx_1zT_143tTywaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAIMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijGCoUB5wrhFOgK6QrFCvADjRjgFPAq9yr7OPw47yqBKPkq6ziHKPk4GjD-HmN2bCcbXIu5EVqd7U6cZ4PxaROY9q0BA9J0Ad10IEyU-XI_1uUf02_1M_1OdqBk_1YgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBE7068MM&ved=0ahUKEwin7YWd5ZrfAhXlzlQKHVILB2EQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the "For Sale" board. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 3
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=wat+phra+kaew&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJ410dC6ehGqsaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAEMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijsHaUD6R3qHe0dgxWEFeQUiRXlFL4qvyrMIp8ruyrAKssivCvyIroqGjB6OivCEV0TWGoN5FpgZbZSPvb3VUvlZKruS2UlxXNfL66eSgZ8x0bKjqKs6VkIAyQgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBLtz07AM&ved=0ahUKEwiRx9im5ZrfAhUKjVQKHVqFA3kQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the lawn area of the image with the birds. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 4
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=scenic+eclipse&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJ_14ev8IapN4QajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAEICQwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKOoV6RWYC5cLhQz4FpAW9xbvFcwBsSqAN8ki5yitN7witTevN7sivCgaMAAIMf3kP4QRu-Y1IYD5ktEKm1VCJreyrI7hHuplIL-5veTwDNEO6_1ZX7G-ZCrH2ciAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIE8x5H6Qw&ved=0ahUKEwiMzJKw5ZrfAhWK_p8KHVg7BrUQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the mountain region in the background. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 5
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=br%C3%BAar%C3%A1&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJyV-eLoZj-1cajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAEICQwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKPIV8RX7FfkV8xX4FfQVogOaC5sL0iioKtUopSqoJOgohiO2N7U30ygaMEsR-aR70_1erwY8Xp1FWIAbFI-icJIfT2spEq9SoiU621AQ81hhQpEQAK0zqS-apuSAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIE5zHlcgw&ved=0ahUKEwjnvdS75ZrfAhWTJnwKHUwhCUcQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the splashing water in the bottom of the image. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 6
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=aigle+royal+a+tete+blanche&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJk1AHPvK4rKwaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAAMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEij9Dp4VqRWuFesL6wqYGbwVpASBBfQpriLRKLI30Cj1KfMprSKJJN0hGjCjZWFCi5ADvt4JGzcBVvWgK49DM0ktfedfBKuUwjmZ_12GJPW-GBNZXfLBic-xjkfogBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBEBwhvAM&ved=0ahUKEwjAmorF5ZrfAhWS-lQKHd-uCYsQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the black feathers of the eagle. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 7
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=aster+flower&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJLtSENaAd7wUajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAQIBwwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKOULkATVC-YLkQTkC-IL2AuCDNYL0CHGKL8oxSjTIcAogCPBKMQo0iEaMJaFev3t95g7j85M8-M_1l9eUCu_16fai-B-I5JNi4ER7ixeSTNc8i6nnwtKEySwVmYCAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEH9qK-ww&ved=0ahUKEwjp5JjR5ZrfAhXqrlQKHb4zD7wQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the two purple flowers that are side-by-side of eachother. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 8
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=iguana+verde+en+celo&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJQ90nXc6VSLcajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAIIBQwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKPkK-AraC9sLoRXyCo0Ehh7TFtwLmTjvN5o40SnWN9s-0ynBJKc41TcaMJyB-k9Q9FzJ5glZdp_1HsJCQe-kSUUVX_1hUyS2QfznBwJvIieRZdjk9Dy6P2fojmcSAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIE8nQGgww&ved=0ahUKEwjkwILf5ZrfAhUF658KHZ9eC5AQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the head and spikes of the iguana. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 9
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=pyramid+of+khafre&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJCjtDwrIeWmUaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAUMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijrHeod0wrvHeMd2weGFokG2geNFtw4yyLYONk4virBKuIimCvZKp4rGjD6zMTPgNriwNOcrvcfFaiutE44hJ5RK8HeePuUr8Tw2suBTPCB714aUpf7UmNJ7GogBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBA7OpE8M&ved=0ahUKEwjL-rTp5ZrfAhULsFQKHWNWAakQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the bottom bricks of the pyramid (below the Sphinx). The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 10
Source: Take by Me
Description: The focus is towards girl's head and building entrance. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 11
Source: Taken by Me
Description: The focus is towards the power chord, plug, and tags of the desk lamp. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 12
Source: Taken by Me
Description: The focus is towards the center of the computer game board.
The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 13
Source: Taken by Me
Description: The focus is towards the top of the player game board.
The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Example Image 14
Source: Taken by Me
Description: The focus is towards the center of the bird's body (emphasizing the design pattern).
The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Bells & Whistles: Use object masks to define complex DOF regions. Example Image 1
Source: Internet (https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/lsQpP4_Fyjx2pjIjoDJmGXPmIB0JZNxwj2DfwWnGwZR5y5bPeXzsa58mch4O1IJhA9-Qfg=s129)
Description: The DOF region is towards the building on the right as identified by the object mask.
The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Mask
Example Image 2
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=telegraph+pole+blocking+driveway&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJx_1zT_143tTywaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAIMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijGCoUB5wrhFOgK6QrFCvADjRjgFPAq9yr7OPw47yqBKPkq6ziHKPk4GjD-HmN2bCcbXIu5EVqd7U6cZ4PxaROY9q0BA9J0Ad10IEyU-XI_1uUf02_1M_1OdqBk_1YgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBE7068MM&ved=0ahUKEwiOorP-5ZrfAhXP0J8KHZevCMIQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The DOF region is towards the house on the left and the wooden pole as identified by the object mask.
The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Mask
Example Image 3
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=wat+phra+kaew&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJ410dC6ehGqsaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAEMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijsHaUD6R3qHe0dgxWEFeQUiRXlFL4qvyrMIp8ruyrAKssivCvyIroqGjB6OivCEV0TWGoN5FpgZbZSPvb3VUvlZKruS2UlxXNfL66eSgZ8x0bKjqKs6VkIAyQgBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBLtz07AM&ved=0ahUKEwiYsu2G5prfAhVLylQKHXcIA1gQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The DOF region is towards the temple's center pagoda, and the bottom left pagoda as identified by the object mask. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Mask
Example Image 4
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=scenic+eclipse&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJ_14ev8IapN4QajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAEICQwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKOoV6RWYC5cLhQz4FpAW9xbvFcwBsSqAN8ki5yitN7witTevN7sivCgaMAAIMf3kP4QRu-Y1IYD5ktEKm1VCJreyrI7hHuplIL-5veTwDNEO6_1ZX7G-ZCrH2ciAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIE8x5H6Qw&ved=0ahUKEwiQrP2O5prfAhWK3lQKHey-DqwQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the ship, but since the rest of the image is already in so much focus, the blurring effect of the remaining regions of the image is not very prominent. As a result, the distorted image seems to be the same as the original image except for the change in color scheme.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Mask
Example Image 5
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=br%C3%BAar%C3%A1&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJyV-eLoZj-1cajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAEICQwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKPIV8RX7FfkV8xX4FfQVogOaC5sL0iioKtUopSqoJOgohiO2N7U30ygaMEsR-aR70_1erwY8Xp1FWIAbFI-icJIfT2spEq9SoiU621AQ81hhQpEQAK0zqS-apuSAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIE5zHlcgw&ved=0ahUKEwip78CY5prfAhWnsFQKHXQqCJgQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the water region of the image. The rest of the image (the surrounding trees) is blurred out. The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Mask
Example Image 6
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=aigle+royal+a+tete+blanche&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJk1AHPvK4rKwaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAAMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEij9Dp4VqRWuFesL6wqYGbwVpASBBfQpriLRKLI30Cj1KfMprSKJJN0hGjCjZWFCi5ADvt4JGzcBVvWgK49DM0ktfedfBKuUwjmZ_12GJPW-GBNZXfLBic-xjkfogBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBEBwhvAM&ved=0ahUKEwiXxICg5prfAhXGj1QKHTu1BscQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the eagle's head. The black body feathers of the eagle are blurred out.
The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Mask
Example Image 7
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=aster+flower&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJLtSENaAd7wUajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAQIBwwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKOULkATVC-YLkQTkC-IL2AuCDNYL0CHGKL8oxSjTIcAogCPBKMQo0iEaMJaFev3t95g7j85M8-M_1l9eUCu_16fai-B-I5JNi4ER7ixeSTNc8i6nnwtKEySwVmYCAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEH9qK-ww&ved=0ahUKEwiItdan5prfAhWL_1QKHSatBqYQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the bottom purple flower.
However, since the rest of the image is already in so much focus, the blurring effect of the remaining regions of the image is not very prominent. As a result, the distorted image seems to be the same as the original image except for the change in color scheme.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Mask
Example Image 8
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=iguana+verde+en+celo&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSmQEJQ90nXc6VSLcajQELEKjU2AQaBggVCAIIBQwLELCMpwgaYgpgCAMSKPkK-AraC9sLoRXyCo0Ehh7TFtwLmTjvN5o40SnWN9s-0ynBJKc41TcaMJyB-k9Q9FzJ5glZdp_1HsJCQe-kSUUVX_1hUyS2QfznBwJvIieRZdjk9Dy6P2fojmcSAEDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIE8nQGgww&ved=0ahUKEwi_7fuv5prfAhWB51QKHZioAbEQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the entire iguana. The background of the grassy shrubs is blurred out.
The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
Original Image
Fake Miniature Version
Mask
Example Image 9
Source: Internet (https://www.google.com/search?sa=G&hl=en&q=pyramid+of+khafre&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSlwEJCjtDwrIeWmUaiwELEKjU2AQaBAgVCAUMCxCwjKcIGmIKYAgDEijrHeod0wrvHeMd2weGFokG2geNFtw4yyLYONk4virBKuIimCvZKp4rGjD6zMTPgNriwNOcrvcfFaiutE44hJ5RK8HeePuUr8Tw2suBTPCB714aUpf7UmNJ7GogBAwLEI6u_1ggaCgoICAESBA7OpE8M&ved=0ahUKEwiEg5245prfAhVqzFQKHYUpCuMQwg4IKSgA)
Description: The focus is towards the pyramid that is located behind the Sphinx.
The image successfully achieves this and the color scheme further emphasizes this distortion.
