Homework 4: Nonlocal, Iterators
Due by 11:59pm on Thursday, October 15
Instructions
Download hw04.zip. Inside the archive, you will find a file called
hw04.py, along with a copy of the ok
autograder.
Submission: When you are done, submit with python3 ok
--submit
. You may submit more than once before the deadline; only the
final submission will be scored. Check that you have successfully submitted
your code on okpy.org. See Lab 0 for more instructions on
submitting assignments.
Using Ok: If you have any questions about using Ok, please refer to this guide.
Readings: You might find the following references useful:
Grading: Homework is graded based on correctness. Each incorrect problem will decrease the total score by one point. There is a homework recovery policy as stated in the syllabus. This homework is out of 2 points.
Required Questions
Hint Video
Check out this video for some helpful hints on how to tackle the problems on this assignment.
Nonlocal
Q1: Make Bank
In lecture, we saw how to use functions to create mutable objects.
Here, for example, is the function make_withdraw
which produces a
function that can withdraw money from an account:
def make_withdraw(balance):
"""Return a withdraw function with BALANCE as its starting balance.
>>> withdraw = make_withdraw(1000)
>>> withdraw(100)
900
>>> withdraw(100)
800
>>> withdraw(900)
'Insufficient funds'
"""
def withdraw(amount):
nonlocal balance
if amount > balance:
return 'Insufficient funds'
balance = balance - amount
return balance
return withdraw
Write a new function make_bank
, which should create a bank account
with value balance
and should also return another function. This
new function should be able to withdraw and deposit money. The
second function will take in two arguments: message
and
amount
. When the message passed in is 'deposit'
, the bank will
deposit amount
into the account. When the message passed in is
'withdraw'
, the bank will attempt to withdraw amount
from the
account. If the account does not have enough money for a withdrawal,
the string 'Insufficient funds'
will be returned. If the message
passed in is neither of the two commands, the function should return
'Invalid message'
Examples are shown in the doctests.
def make_bank(balance):
"""Returns a bank function with a starting balance. Supports
withdrawals and deposits.
>>> bank = make_bank(100)
>>> bank('withdraw', 40) # 100 - 40
60
>>> bank('hello', 500) # Invalid message passed in
'Invalid message'
>>> bank('deposit', 20) # 60 + 20
80
>>> bank('withdraw', 90) # 80 - 90; not enough money
'Insufficient funds'
>>> bank('deposit', 100) # 80 + 100
180
>>> bank('goodbye', 0) # Invalid message passed in
'Invalid message'
>>> bank('withdraw', 60) # 180 - 60
120
"""
def bank(message, amount):
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
return bank
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q make_bank
Q2: Password Protected Account
Write a version of the make_withdraw
function shown in the previous question
that returns password-protected withdraw functions. That is, make_withdraw
should
take a password argument (a string) in addition to an initial balance.
The returned function should take two arguments: an amount to withdraw
and a password.
A password-protected withdraw
function should only process
withdrawals that include a password that matches the original. Upon
receiving an incorrect password, the function should:
- Store that incorrect password in a list, and
- Return the string 'Incorrect password'.
If a withdraw function has been called three times with incorrect
passwords <p1>
, <p2>
, and <p3>
, then it is frozen. All subsequent
calls to the function should return:
"Frozen account. Attempts: [<p1>, <p2>, <p3>]"
Hint: You can use the
str
function to turn a list into a string. For example, for a lists = [1, 2, 3]
, the expression"The list s is: " + str(s)
simplifies to"The list s is: [1, 2, 3]"
.
The incorrect passwords may be the same or different:
def make_withdraw(balance, password):
"""Return a password-protected withdraw function.
>>> w = make_withdraw(100, 'hax0r')
>>> w(25, 'hax0r')
75
>>> error = w(90, 'hax0r')
>>> error
'Insufficient funds'
>>> error = w(25, 'hwat')
>>> error
'Incorrect password'
>>> new_bal = w(25, 'hax0r')
>>> new_bal
50
>>> w(75, 'a')
'Incorrect password'
>>> w(10, 'hax0r')
40
>>> w(20, 'n00b')
'Incorrect password'
>>> w(10, 'hax0r')
"Frozen account. Attempts: ['hwat', 'a', 'n00b']"
>>> w(10, 'l33t')
"Frozen account. Attempts: ['hwat', 'a', 'n00b']"
>>> type(w(10, 'l33t')) == str
True
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q make_withdraw
Iterators and Generators
Q3: Repeated
Implement a function (not a generator function) that returns the first value in
the iterator t
that appears k
times in a row. As described in lecture, iterators
can provide values using either the next(t)
function or with a for-loop. Do not worry
about cases where the function reaches the end of the iterator without finding a suitable
value, all lists passed in for the tests will have a value that should be returned. If you
are receiving an error where the iterator has completed then the program is not identifying
the correct value. Iterate through the items such that if the same iterator is passed into
repeated
twice, it continues in the second call at the point it left off in the first. An
example of this behavior is shown in the doctests.
def repeated(t, k):
"""Return the first value in iterator T that appears K times in a row. Iterate through the items such that
if the same iterator is passed into repeated twice, it continues in the second call at the point it left off
in the first.
>>> s = iter([10, 9, 10, 9, 9, 10, 8, 8, 8, 7])
>>> repeated(s, 2)
9
>>> s2 = iter([10, 9, 10, 9, 9, 10, 8, 8, 8, 7])
>>> repeated(s2, 3)
8
>>> s = iter([3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5])
>>> repeated(s, 3)
2
>>> repeated(s, 3)
5
>>> s2 = iter([4, 1, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 2, 2, 2, 5])
>>> repeated(s2, 3)
2
"""
assert k > 1
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q repeated
Q4: Generate Permutations
Given a sequence of unique elements, a permutation of the sequence is a list
containing the elements of the sequence in some arbitrary order. For example,
[2, 1, 3]
, [1, 3, 2]
, and [3, 2, 1]
are some of the permutations of the
sequence [1, 2, 3]
.
Implement permutations
, a generator function that takes in a sequence seq
and returns a generator that yields all permutations of seq
.
Permutations may be yielded in any order. Note that the doctests test whether
you are yielding all possible permutations, but not in any particular order.
The built-in sorted
function takes in an iterable object and returns a list
containing the elements of the iterable in non-decreasing order.
Hint: If you had the permutations of all the elements in
seq
not including the first element, how could you use that to generate the permutations of the fullseq
?Hint: If you're having trouble getting started, see the hints video for this question for tips on how to approach this question.
def permutations(seq):
"""Generates all permutations of the given sequence. Each permutation is a
list of the elements in SEQ in a different order. The permutations may be
yielded in any order.
>>> perms = permutations([100])
>>> type(perms)
<class 'generator'>
>>> next(perms)
[100]
>>> try: #this piece of code prints "No more permutations!" if calling next would cause an error
... next(perms)
... except StopIteration:
... print('No more permutations!')
No more permutations!
>>> sorted(permutations([1, 2, 3])) # Returns a sorted list containing elements of the generator
[[1, 2, 3], [1, 3, 2], [2, 1, 3], [2, 3, 1], [3, 1, 2], [3, 2, 1]]
>>> sorted(permutations((10, 20, 30)))
[[10, 20, 30], [10, 30, 20], [20, 10, 30], [20, 30, 10], [30, 10, 20], [30, 20, 10]]
>>> sorted(permutations("ab"))
[['a', 'b'], ['b', 'a']]
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q permutations
Submit
Make sure to submit this assignment by running:
python3 ok --submit
Extra Questions
Q5: Joint Account
Suppose that our banking system requires the ability to make joint
accounts. Define a function make_joint
that takes three arguments.
- A password-protected
withdraw
function, - The password with which that
withdraw
function was defined, and - A new password that can also access the original account.
If the password is incorrect or cannot be verified because the underlying
account is locked, the make_joint
should propagate the error.
Otherwise, it returns a withdraw
function that provides
additional access to the original account using either the new or old
password. Both functions draw from the same balance. Incorrect
passwords provided to either function will be stored and cause the
functions to be locked after three wrong attempts.
Hint: The solution is short (less than 10 lines) and contains no string
literals! The key is to call withdraw
with the right password and amount,
then interpret the result. You may assume that all failed attempts to withdraw
will return some string (for incorrect passwords, locked accounts, or
insufficient funds), while successful withdrawals will return a number.
Use type(value) == str
to test if some value
is a string:
def make_joint(withdraw, old_pass, new_pass):
"""Return a password-protected withdraw function that has joint access to
the balance of withdraw.
>>> w = make_withdraw(100, 'hax0r')
>>> w(25, 'hax0r')
75
>>> make_joint(w, 'my', 'secret')
'Incorrect password'
>>> j = make_joint(w, 'hax0r', 'secret')
>>> w(25, 'secret')
'Incorrect password'
>>> j(25, 'secret')
50
>>> j(25, 'hax0r')
25
>>> j(100, 'secret')
'Insufficient funds'
>>> j2 = make_joint(j, 'secret', 'code')
>>> j2(5, 'code')
20
>>> j2(5, 'secret')
15
>>> j2(5, 'hax0r')
10
>>> j2(25, 'password')
'Incorrect password'
>>> j2(5, 'secret')
"Frozen account. Attempts: ['my', 'secret', 'password']"
>>> j(5, 'secret')
"Frozen account. Attempts: ['my', 'secret', 'password']"
>>> w(5, 'hax0r')
"Frozen account. Attempts: ['my', 'secret', 'password']"
>>> make_joint(w, 'hax0r', 'hello')
"Frozen account. Attempts: ['my', 'secret', 'password']"
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q make_joint
Q6: Remainder Generator
Like functions, generators can also be higher-order. For this problem, we will be writingremainders_generator
, which yields a series of generator
objects.
remainders_generator
takes in an integer m
, and yields m
different
generators. The first generator is a generator of multiples of m
, i.e.
numbers where the remainder is 0. The second is a generator of natural numbers
with remainder 1 when divided by m
. The last generator yields natural numbers
with remainder m - 1
when divided by m
.
Hint: You can call the
naturals
function to create a generator of infinite natural numbers.
Hint: Consider defining an inner generator function. Each yielded generator varies only in that the elements of each generator have a particular remainder when divided by
m
. What does that tell you about the argument(s) that the inner function should take in?
def remainders_generator(m):
"""
Yields m generators. The ith yielded generator yields natural numbers whose
remainder is i when divided by m.
>>> import types
>>> [isinstance(gen, types.GeneratorType) for gen in remainders_generator(5)]
[True, True, True, True, True]
>>> remainders_four = remainders_generator(4)
>>> for i in range(4):
... print("First 3 natural numbers with remainder {0} when divided by 4:".format(i))
... gen = next(remainders_four)
... for _ in range(3):
... print(next(gen))
First 3 natural numbers with remainder 0 when divided by 4:
4
8
12
First 3 natural numbers with remainder 1 when divided by 4:
1
5
9
First 3 natural numbers with remainder 2 when divided by 4:
2
6
10
First 3 natural numbers with remainder 3 when divided by 4:
3
7
11
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Note that if you have implemented this correctly, each of the
generators yielded by remainder_generator
will be infinite - you
can keep calling next
on them forever without running into a
StopIteration
exception.
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q remainders_generator