Homework 2: Higher Order Functions
Due by 11:59pm on Thursday, September 9
Instructions
Download hw02.zip. Inside the archive, you will find
a file called hw02.py, along with a copy of the ok
autograder.
Submission: When you are done, submit with python3 ok
--submit
. You may submit more than once before the deadline; only the
final submission will be scored. Check that you have successfully submitted
your code on okpy.org. See Lab 0 for more instructions on
submitting assignments.
Using Ok: If you have any questions about using Ok, please refer to this guide.
Readings: You might find the following references useful:
Grading: Homework is graded based on correctness. Each incorrect problem will decrease the total score by one point. There is a homework recovery policy as stated in the syllabus. This homework is out of 2 points.
Required questions
Several doctests refer to these functions:
from operator import add, mul
square = lambda x: x * x
identity = lambda x: x
triple = lambda x: 3 * x
increment = lambda x: x + 1
Getting Started Videos
These videos may provide some helpful direction for tackling the coding problems on this assignment.
To see these videos, you should be logged into your berkeley.edu email.
Higher Order Functions
Q1: Product
The summation(n, term)
function from the higher-order functions lecture adds
up term(1) + ... + term(n)
. Write a similar function called product
that
returns term(1) * ... * term(n)
.
def product(n, term):
"""Return the product of the first n terms in a sequence.
n: a positive integer
term: a function that takes one argument to produce the term
>>> product(3, identity) # 1 * 2 * 3
6
>>> product(5, identity) # 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5
120
>>> product(3, square) # 1^2 * 2^2 * 3^2
36
>>> product(5, square) # 1^2 * 2^2 * 3^2 * 4^2 * 5^2
14400
>>> product(3, increment) # (1+1) * (2+1) * (3+1)
24
>>> product(3, triple) # 1*3 * 2*3 * 3*3
162
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q product
Q2: Accumulate
Let's take a look at how summation
and product
are instances of a more
general function called accumulate
, which we would like to implement:
def accumulate(merger, base, n, term):
"""Return the result of merging the first n terms in a sequence and base.
The terms to be merged are term(1), term(2), ..., term(n). merger is a
two-argument commutative function.
>>> accumulate(add, 0, 5, identity) # 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
15
>>> accumulate(add, 11, 5, identity) # 11 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
26
>>> accumulate(add, 11, 0, identity) # 11
11
>>> accumulate(add, 11, 3, square) # 11 + 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2
25
>>> accumulate(mul, 2, 3, square) # 2 * 1^2 * 2^2 * 3^2
72
>>> # 2 + (1^2 + 1) + (2^2 + 1) + (3^2 + 1)
>>> accumulate(lambda x, y: x + y + 1, 2, 3, square)
19
>>> # ((2 * 1^2 * 2) * 2^2 * 2) * 3^2 * 2
>>> accumulate(lambda x, y: 2 * x * y, 2, 3, square)
576
>>> accumulate(lambda x, y: (x + y) % 17, 19, 20, square)
16
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
accumulate
has the following parameters:
term
andn
: the same parameters as insummation
andproduct
merger
: a two-argument function that specifies how the current term is merged with the previously accumulated terms.base
: value at which to start the accumulation.
For example, the result of accumulate(add, 11, 3, square)
is
11 + square(1) + square(2) + square(3) = 25
Note: You may assume that
merger
is commutative. That is,merger(a, b) == merger(b, a)
for alla
,b
, andc
. However, you may not assumemerger
is chosen from a fixed function set and hard-code the solution.
After implementing accumulate
, show how summation
and product
can both be
defined as function calls to accumulate
.
Important:
You should have a single line of code (which should be a return
statement)
in each of your implementations for summation_using_accumulate
and
product_using_accumulate
, which the syntax check will check for.
def summation_using_accumulate(n, term):
"""Returns the sum: term(1) + ... + term(n), using accumulate.
>>> summation_using_accumulate(5, square)
55
>>> summation_using_accumulate(5, triple)
45
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
def product_using_accumulate(n, term):
"""Returns the product: term(1) * ... * term(n), using accumulate.
>>> product_using_accumulate(4, square)
576
>>> product_using_accumulate(6, triple)
524880
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q accumulate
python3 ok -q summation_using_accumulate
python3 ok -q product_using_accumulate
The syntax check will run automatically when you submit the assignment, but you can also run the check directly by running the following command.
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q accumulate_syntax_check
Submit
Make sure to submit this assignment by running:
python3 ok --submit
Just for fun Question
This question is out of scope for 61A. You can try it if you want an extra challenge, but it's just a puzzle that is not required or recommended at all. Almost all students will skip it, and that's fine.
If you're interested in learning more about this, feel free to attend the Extra Topics lectures.
Q3: Church numerals
The logician Alonzo Church invented a system of representing non-negative integers entirely using functions. The purpose was to show that functions are sufficient to describe all of number theory: if we have functions, we do not need to assume that numbers exist, but instead we can invent them.
Your goal in this problem is to rediscover this representation known as Church
numerals. Here are the definitions of zero
, as well as a function that
returns one more than its argument:
def zero(f):
return lambda x: x
def successor(n):
return lambda f: lambda x: f(n(f)(x))
First, define functions one
and two
such that they have the same behavior
as successor(zero)
and successsor(successor(zero))
respectively, but do
not call successor
in your implementation.
Next, implement a function church_to_int
that converts a church numeral
argument to a regular Python integer.
Finally, implement functions add_church
, mul_church
, and pow_church
that
perform addition, multiplication, and exponentiation on church numerals.
def one(f):
"""Church numeral 1: same as successor(zero)"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
def two(f):
"""Church numeral 2: same as successor(successor(zero))"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
three = successor(two)
def church_to_int(n):
"""Convert the Church numeral n to a Python integer.
>>> church_to_int(zero)
0
>>> church_to_int(one)
1
>>> church_to_int(two)
2
>>> church_to_int(three)
3
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
def add_church(m, n):
"""Return the Church numeral for m + n, for Church numerals m and n.
>>> church_to_int(add_church(two, three))
5
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
def mul_church(m, n):
"""Return the Church numeral for m * n, for Church numerals m and n.
>>> four = successor(three)
>>> church_to_int(mul_church(two, three))
6
>>> church_to_int(mul_church(three, four))
12
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
def pow_church(m, n):
"""Return the Church numeral m ** n, for Church numerals m and n.
>>> church_to_int(pow_church(two, three))
8
>>> church_to_int(pow_church(three, two))
9
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q church_to_int
python3 ok -q add_church
python3 ok -q mul_church
python3 ok -q pow_church