Due by 11:59pm on Wednesday, September 14.

Starter Files

Download lab03.zip. Inside the archive, you will find starter files for the questions in this lab, along with a copy of the Ok autograder.

Submit

In order to facilitate studying for the exam, solutions to this lab are released with the lab. We encourage you to try out the problems first on your own before referencing the solutions as a guide.

Note: You do not need to run python ok --submit to receive credit for this assignment.

All Questions Are Optional

The questions in this assignment are not graded, but they are highly recommended to help you prepare for the upcoming exam. You will receive credit for this lab even if you do not complete these questions.

The questions in this assignment are not graded, but they are highly recommended to help you prepare for the upcoming exam. You will receive credit for this lab even if you do not complete these questions.

Suggested Questions

Control

Q1: Ordered Digits

Implement the function ordered_digits, which takes as input a positive integer and returns True if its digits, read left to right, are in non-decreasing order, and False otherwise. For example, the digits of 5, 11, 127, 1357 are ordered, but not those of 21 or 1375.

Note: You can solve this with either iteration or recursion. We recommend trying both for practice purposes but you will credit for either one.

def ordered_digits(x):
    """Return True if the (base 10) digits of X>0 are in non-decreasing
    order, and False otherwise.

    >>> ordered_digits(5)
    True
    >>> ordered_digits(11)
    True
    >>> ordered_digits(127)
    True
    >>> ordered_digits(1357)
    True
    >>> ordered_digits(21)
    False
    >>> result = ordered_digits(1375) # Return, don't print
    >>> result
    False

    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

Use Ok to test your code:

python3 ok -q ordered_digits
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Q2: K Runner

An increasing run of an integer is a sequence of consecutive digits in which each digit is larger than the last. For example, the number 123444345 has four increasing runs: 1234, 4, 4 and 345. Each run can be indexed from the end of the number, starting with index 0. In the example, the 0th run is 345, the first run is 4, the second run is 4 and the third run is 1234.

Implement get_k_run_starter, which takes in integers n and k and returns the 0th digit of the kth increasing run within n. The 0th digit is the leftmost number in the run. You may assume that there are at least k+1 increasing runs in n.

def get_k_run_starter(n, k):
    """Returns the 0th digit of the kth increasing run within n.
    >>> get_k_run_starter(123444345, 0) # example from description
    3
    >>> get_k_run_starter(123444345, 1)
    4
    >>> get_k_run_starter(123444345, 2)
    4
    >>> get_k_run_starter(123444345, 3)
    1
    >>> get_k_run_starter(123412341234, 1)
    1
    >>> get_k_run_starter(1234234534564567, 0)
    4
    >>> get_k_run_starter(1234234534564567, 1)
    3
    >>> get_k_run_starter(1234234534564567, 2)
    2
    """
    i = 0
    final = None
    while ____________________________:
        while ____________________________:
            ____________________________
        final = ____________________________
        i = ____________________________
        n = ____________________________
    return final

Use Ok to test your code:

python3 ok -q get_k_run_starter
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Higher Order Functions

These are some utility function definitions you may see being used as part of the doctests for the following problems.

from operator import add, mul

square = lambda x: x * x

identity = lambda x: x

triple = lambda x: 3 * x

increment = lambda x: x + 1

Q3: Make Repeater

Implement the function make_repeater so that make_repeater(func, n)(x) returns func(func(...func(x)...)), where func is applied n times. That is, make_repeater(func, n) returns another function that can then be applied to another argument. For example, make_repeater(square, 3)(42) evaluates to square(square(square(42))).

def make_repeater(func, n):
    """Return the function that computes the nth application of func.

    >>> add_three = make_repeater(increment, 3)
    >>> add_three(5)
    8
    >>> make_repeater(triple, 5)(1) # 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 1
    243
    >>> make_repeater(square, 2)(5) # square(square(5))
    625
    >>> make_repeater(square, 4)(5) # square(square(square(square(5))))
    152587890625
    >>> make_repeater(square, 0)(5) # Yes, it makes sense to apply the function zero times!
    5
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

def composer(func1, func2):
    """Return a function f, such that f(x) = func1(func2(x))."""
    def f(x):
        return func1(func2(x))
    return f

Use Ok to test your code:

python3 ok -q make_repeater
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Q4: Apply Twice

Using make_repeater define a function apply_twice that takes a function of one argument as an argument and returns a function that applies the original function twice. For example, if inc is a function that returns 1 more than its argument, then double(inc) should be a function that returns two more:

def apply_twice(func):
    """ Return a function that applies func twice.

    func -- a function that takes one argument

    >>> apply_twice(square)(2)
    16
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

Use Ok to test your code:

python3 ok -q apply_twice
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Q5: It's Always a Good Prime

Implement div_by_primes_under, which takes in an integer n and returns an n-divisibility checker. An n-divisibility-checker is a function that takes in an integer k and returns whether k is divisible by any integers between 2 and n, inclusive. Equivalently, it returns whether k is divisible by any primes less than or equal to n.

Review the Disc 01 is_prime problem for a reminder about prime numbers.

You can also choose to do the no lambda version, which is the same problem, just with defining functions with def instead of lambda.

Hint: If struggling, here is a partially filled out line for after the if statement:

checker = (lambda f, i: lambda x: __________)(checker, i)

def div_by_primes_under(n):
    """
    >>> div_by_primes_under(10)(11)
    False
    >>> div_by_primes_under(10)(121)
    False
    >>> div_by_primes_under(10)(12)
    True
    >>> div_by_primes_under(5)(1)
    False
    """
    checker = lambda x: False
    i = ____________________________
    while ____________________________:
        if not checker(i):
            checker = ____________________________
        i = ____________________________
    return ____________________________

def div_by_primes_under_no_lambda(n):
    """
    >>> div_by_primes_under_no_lambda(10)(11)
    False
    >>> div_by_primes_under_no_lambda(10)(121)
    False
    >>> div_by_primes_under_no_lambda(10)(12)
    True
    >>> div_by_primes_under_no_lambda(5)(1)
    False
    """
    def checker(x):
        return False
    i = ____________________________
    while ____________________________:
        if not checker(i):
            def outer(____________________________):
                def inner(____________________________):
                    return ____________________________
                return ____________________________
            checker = ____________________________
        i = ____________________________
    return ____________________________

Use Ok to test your code:

python3 ok -q div_by_primes_under
python3 ok -q div_by_primes_under_no_lambda
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Q6: Church numerals

The logician Alonzo Church invented a system of representing non-negative integers entirely using functions. The purpose was to show that functions are sufficient to describe all of number theory: if we have functions, we do not need to assume that numbers exist, but instead we can invent them.

Your goal in this problem is to rediscover this representation known as Church numerals. Church numerals are a way to represent non-negative integers via repeated function application. Specifically, church numerals (such as zero, one, and two below) are functions that take in a function f and return a new function which, when called, repeats f a number of times on some argument x. Here are the definitions of zero, as well as a successor function, which takes in a church numeral n as an argument and returns a function that represents the church numeral one higher than n:

def zero(f):
    return lambda x: x

def successor(n):
    return lambda f: lambda x: f(n(f)(x))

First, define functions one and two such that they have the same behavior as successor(zero) and successsor(successor(zero)) respectively, but do not call successor in your implementation.

Next, implement a function church_to_int that converts a church numeral argument to a regular Python integer.

Finally, implement functions add_church, mul_church, and pow_church that perform addition, multiplication, and exponentiation on church numerals.

def one(f):
    """Church numeral 1: same as successor(zero)"""
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

def two(f):
    """Church numeral 2: same as successor(successor(zero))"""
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

three = successor(two)

def church_to_int(n):
    """Convert the Church numeral n to a Python integer.

    >>> church_to_int(zero)
    0
    >>> church_to_int(one)
    1
    >>> church_to_int(two)
    2
    >>> church_to_int(three)
    3
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

def add_church(m, n):
    """Return the Church numeral for m + n, for Church numerals m and n.

    >>> church_to_int(add_church(two, three))
    5
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

def mul_church(m, n):
    """Return the Church numeral for m * n, for Church numerals m and n.

    >>> four = successor(three)
    >>> church_to_int(mul_church(two, three))
    6
    >>> church_to_int(mul_church(three, four))
    12
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

def pow_church(m, n):
    """Return the Church numeral m ** n, for Church numerals m and n.

    >>> church_to_int(pow_church(two, three))
    8
    >>> church_to_int(pow_church(three, two))
    9
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

Use Ok to test your code:

python3 ok -q church_to_int
python3 ok -q add_church
python3 ok -q mul_church
python3 ok -q pow_church
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Environment Diagrams

Q7: Doge

Draw the environment diagram for the following code.

wow = 6

def much(wow):
    if much == wow:
        such = lambda wow: 5
        def wow():
            return such
        return wow
    such = lambda wow: 4
    return wow()

wow = much(much(much))(wow)

You can check out what happens when you run the code block using Python Tutor. Please ignore the “ambiguous parent frame” message on step 18. The parent is in fact f1.

Q8: Environment Diagrams - Challenge

These questions were originally developed by Albert Wu and are included here for extra practice. We recommend checking your work in PythonTutor after filling in the diagrams for the code below.

Challenge 1

Draw the environment diagram that results from executing the code below.

Guiding Notes: Pay special attention to the names of the frames!

Multiple assignments in a single line: We will first evaluate the expressions on the right of the assignment, and then assign those values to the expressions on the left of the assignment. For example, if we had x, y = a, b, the process of evaluating this would be to first evaluate a and b, and then assign the value of a to x, and the value of b to y.

def funny(joke):
    hoax = joke + 1
    return funny(hoax)

def sad(joke):
    hoax = joke - 1
    return hoax + hoax

funny, sad = sad, funny
result = funny(sad(1))

Challenge 2

Draw the environment diagram that results from executing the code below.

def double(x):
    return double(x + x)

first = double

def double(y):
    return y + y

result = first(10)